Modern collection packaging is an advanced packaging technology. The implementation of collective packaging is conducive to saving packaging costs and improving economic efficiency. The following mainly introduces containers, trays and container bags.
(a) Containers
1. Container concept
A container is a combination packaging container that is used for the transportation of goods and is easy to use mechanical loading and unloading. Its original intention is to transport containers of goods, also known as "cartons." The official use of civilian container transport began internationally in 1955. In recent years, container transportation has developed rapidly and has gradually become more standardized, standardized, and larger. With the development of large standard containers, container terminals and special ships have also emerged. On land, a container land transport system was established, and a large number of railway and road-specific vehicles were also developed.
2. The advantages of containers
(1) Strong container structure. Can be used repeatedly over a long period of time;
(2) Transshipment on the way, you can directly change the cargo without moving the container;
(3) It can be quickly loaded and unloaded, and it can be directly and easily exchanged from one kind of vehicle to another.
(4) It can improve the good rate of goods and greatly reduce the breakage rate;
(5) Full use of packaging volume:
3. Classification of containers
(1) Classification by size and size: The size of the container is standardized by the Technical Committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 104 and divided into 3 series and 12 types of boxes. At present, five kinds of items such as lA, 1B, 1C, 1D, and 1E are commonly used in the world.
(2) Classification according to use materials. Generally divided into three categories: 1 aluminum alloy container, the main advantage is light weight, beautiful appearance, anti-corrosion. 2 The main advantages of steel containers are their high strength, firm structure, good weldability, good water-tightness, and low price. Their disadvantage is poor corrosion protection. 3 glass steel container. The main advantages are high strength, good rigidity and ability to withstand stress.
(3) Classified by structure. It is generally divided into three types: inner column and outer column containers, folding containers and thin shell containers.
(4) Classified by purpose of use. It is generally divided into dry cargo containers, side-opening containers, side-wall fully-open containers, ventilated containers, open-top containers, collapsible containers, suspended eye-mounted containers, and air-transport container containers.
4. The basic principles that modern containerization should follow
Containerization is the premise and basis for achieving logistics standardization and mass production. The development of containerization will facilitate the mechanization and rapidity of transportation and loading and unloading and speed up the turnover of goods: Therefore, the following basic principles should be observed in order to realize the consolidation of materials and packaging:
(1) Generalization. The implementation of containerization must be commensurate with the equipment and processes of the logistics system, and the various assembly tools must be coordinated with each other so as to be unobstructed during the "door-to-door" transportation process.
(2) Standardization. It means that in order to facilitate and circulate, the test methods for the shape and weight, rigidity and durability of the assembly tools, and the rules for the handling and reinforcement of loading and unloading shall be in accordance with the national standards and the standards of the International Organization for Standardization in order to achieve standardization of the assembly. .
(3) Systematization. The containerization not only refers to the assembly tool, but also is a dynamic system that includes complete logistics facilities, processes, and management, and links production, production, production, and consumption.
(b) Tray
1. Tray concept
The so-called pallet refers to a loading and unloading pad consisting of a load surface that can hold a unit number of items and a forklift socket, which is convenient for loading, unloading, transportation, storage, and use. Because it's like a tray can hold food, it's called ``tray``. Modern pallets are a new kind of logistics technology that emerges with containers and collective packaging. The tray was first produced in developed countries such as the United States and Japan. In the early days, it was used as a forklift's auxiliary loading and unloading tool for the purpose of mechanized operations. After World War II, the tray gradually became a storage tool. By the 1960s, pallets had become an indispensable transportation tool and sales tool. At present, the trays have penetrated into the entire logistics process and become a kind of logistics tool, which is an important condition for the rationalization of logistics.
2, the main advantages of the tray
(1) It can effectively protect the goods and reduce the damage of the goods.
(2) It can adapt to the requirements of port and cargo mechanization operations, speed up the speed of loading and unloading, and reduce the labor intensity of workers.
(3) It can save packaging materials, reduce packaging costs, and save transportation costs.
(4) It can promote the mechanization of international and domestic port operations and accelerate the pace of packaging towards standardization, standardization and serialization.
3. Tray classification
Pallets can be classified differently according to different signs, such as according to the scope of use, service life, production materials, etc. Here is mainly introduced by the tray structure classification, generally divided into flat trays, column trays, box trays and wheeled trays.
(1) Flat tray. Flat trays are mainly made of wood, but also flat plates made of steel, plastics, composite materials, etc. It has the widest range of applications. Generally divided into single-sided use, double-sided use, two-way into the fork, four into the fork four.
(2) Column trays. It is a tray with four columns mounted on a flat tray. The purpose of the installation of the column is to protect the lowermost cargo from being damaged when it is stacked without shelves. Columns are generally removable and have a height of 1.2 meters. Steel materials are often used to load 3 tons of cargo.
(3) Box trays. It mounts the upper structure (flat plate, net structure, etc.) on a flat tray to make a box-type equipment. Box trays are generally divided into detachable, fixed and folding three. This tray has the advantages of making the packaging easy and forming an irregular cargo package, facilitating transportation and preventing collapse. Mainly suitable for loading vegetables, fruits, potatoes and other agricultural products.
(4) Wheeled trays. It is a tray with four small wheels installed under a flat tray. It is mainly suitable for loading and unloading operations of packages and mails.
(III) Container bags
1. Container bag concept
The so-called container bag is a soft, flexible packaging container, which is a large-volume transport bag made of collapsible rubberized cloth, resin-processed cloth and other soft materials. The use of such packaging not only helps improve the handling efficiency, is particularly suitable for the packaging of bulk powdered cargo, is conducive to promoting the standardization and serialization of bulk cargo packaging, and reduces transportation costs; it also has the advantages of easy packaging, storage, and low cost. advantage. Therefore, in recent years, the world has widely used container bags to transport powdered cargo. The emergence and use of container bags is a qualitative revolution in the way of shipping granular and granular goods.
2. Container bag operation process and links
(1) Loading. It is to put the container bag on the tray, and then the container bag is aligned with the mouth of the cans, the body of the bag is straightened first, and the bag is tightly sealed after being loaded for transportation.
(2) Transportation. Depending on the type and shape of the bulk bag, select the appropriate transport vehicle for transport.
(3) discharge. Transport to the destination, use a crane (or forklift) to lift the container bag, aim at the feed inlet of the material tank, and open the tie rope at the bottom material leakage hole of the container bag to quickly complete the discharge.
(4) recycling. Container bags that have been repeatedly used repeatedly for unloading the goods are generally recycled for reuse.
(IV) Vigorously develop bulk cement and realize cement packaging reform
The traditional cement packaging is based on paper bag packaging. Because the paper bag has low compressive and extrusion-resistant strength, it often causes bag breakage during cement handling and handling. This alone results in direct cement loss of up to 3 million tons per year. Therefore, the use of advanced technologies and new materials to speed up the technological transformation of cement packaging has become a very important issue.
1. The significance of developing bulk cement
The development of bulk cement is a major reform in cement production, distribution and consumption. The development of cement from bag to bulk is an inevitable requirement for socialized large-scale production and modernization of circulation. The so-called bulk cement refers to the use of special shipping equipment, loading and unloading tools and transportation tools to transport cement from cement storage tanks to bulk trains and ships, to large bulk cement storage tanks, and then transported by special cement tankers. The entire circulation process of bulk cement is supplied to users. The loading and unloading of bulk cement is generally carried out by pneumatic loading and unloading using low-pressure wind power, compressed air or suction. The bulk cement transportation tools include K15 (650 tons loaded) and U60 (60 tons loaded) special train wagons and special vehicles with a load of about 10 tons. Bulk cement storage uses large storage equipment (such as storage tanks). The implementation of bulk cement in China is of great significance in promoting the reform of the entire logistics process from cement form to cement loading, unloading, storage, and transportation.
(1) Save on packaging materials. It is estimated that the use of 10,000 tons of bulk cement can save 113.5 tons of coal and 330 cubic meters of wood for the country.
(2) Reduce labor intensity and improve labor efficiency. The loading and unloading efficiency of bulk cement is tens of times higher than that of artificial ones, which reduces the handling, handling, and unpacking of workers, prevents environmental pollution, and improves working conditions.
(3) Reduce cement loss. Bulk cement uses special equipment to effectively prevent the loss of bagged cement caused by damage. Loss of cement can be reduced to 0.5% in bulk, while bagged bag losses are typically 10%, and some are as high as 30%.
(4) Improve economic efficiency. Bulk cement saves packaging costs and reduces the cost of cement; and because mechanization is realized in all aspects of logistics, saving labor and material consumption, it is conducive to creating higher overall economic benefits. It is estimated that the use of 10,000 tons of bulk cement can create an overall economic efficiency of 321,000 yuan.
2. Development of Bulk Cement Measures
(1) Updating of ideas. It is necessary to increase the development of bulk cement to realize the socialization of logistics and modernization, overcome mutual restraints, break the boundaries between departments and regions, and implement radical changes from ideas and concepts to organizational realization.
(2) Develop a unified plan. The development of bulk cement should be included in the logistics plan. This is an important measure for the development of bulk cement. In the infrastructure construction of bulk cement production, distribution and use, it is necessary to make overall planning, rational deployment, mutual coordination, and mutual support.
(3) Actively raise funds. The development of bulk cement requires investment in the construction of bulk bulk infrastructure. However, relying solely on the current "scattering and dispersal" method, it is impossible to solve the problem of funds for the development of bulk cement. The available measures are: 1) "bags to raise and disperse", that is, the cement factory sells bagged cement and collects "discharge payment" from users as a special fund for the development of bulk cement. 2 For the state to provide certain infrastructure loans and technical innovation loans. 3 The production, transportation, circulation, and use departments self-fund some of the funds.
(4) Strengthen infrastructure construction. It is mainly to develop the production of special trains, automobiles and cement vessels and build large-scale storage facilities. The trial production and production of bulk cement vessels should be accelerated in the near future.