The emergence of new or improved light sources is advancing rapidly. There are a variety of light sources, lighting devices and control devices available, and even any one has a specific purpose. Although they can provide their common characteristics, the values ​​listed in the following list are also very useful. Saving energy is very important because it can account for 50% of the energy consumption in a building. The following are the elements that must be taken into account when considering the purchase of light sources and energy savings:
Lighting Standard Control Fixed Power Stable Power Maintenance
Many factories are actually brightly lit 24 hours a day, regardless of whether or not the illuminated area is needed. In fact, the control of lighting in non-work areas, and over-lighting of the work area can reduce energy consumption by 20%-30%. Whether it is automatic or manual lighting control, can improve efficiency and save energy. Manual control can only work if the operator is using it correctly, and automatic control is becoming more and more popular. The automatic control can make a one-week operation program at one time, and can take into consideration the lighting of daylight and night transitional period. Photocell control is widely used in outdoor lighting. They control the light according to the intensity of the ambient light. Photocells can also be used indoors, especially near windows and sunlight. Photocells/dimmers increase or decrease the intensity of illumination to maintain a constant lighting effect based on the intensity of ambient light that can be measured. The artificial lighting control is based on the presence or absence of personnel in a specific area. Ultrasonic control is controlled through reconnaissance movements. Infrared passive control operates by feeling the body's heat. Infrared active control emits light, and if the light is absorbed then the switch is activated. Voice-activated switches operate through the vocal sounds emitted by human activities.
Several central lighting control systems are worth considering. They are ideal for lighting (or other applications) for large buildings and buildings. Many of them have been programmed. There are several central lighting control systems that use existing wires to transmit signals to fluorescent lamps. sensor. Poor lighting system maintenance is a waste of money and energy. With the extension of the use time, the power of the bulb in most lighting systems will decrease. Only the low pressure sodium lamp can maintain the original power, and replacing the lamp before failure is a more economical approach.
Artificial light sources work differently in offices and workshops. Different lighting technologies are required. Lighting is a major factor in arranging equipment locations and production processes. The lighting of ordinary workshops cannot meet the needs of those who need to judge the colors. The following suggestions are provided for those who choose among various lighting equipment to meet the needs of special equipment for special occasions.
Fluorescent fluorescent lamps have been widely used in office lighting. It is a glass bulb containing mercury and inert gas. The direct current between the two electrodes forms an arc and activates the electrical generator to produce visible light.
The early fluorescent lights were not satisfactory. Kai Electric's progress has greatly improved its color effect.
Fluorescent lamps have a long service life (18,000-20,000 hours) and are more efficient than incandescent lamps. In order to use light energy more effectively, a reflection system needs to be established.
There are currently three types of fluorescent lamps on the market that are warm-up, quick-start, and immediate startup of fluorescent lamps. The quick start and immediate startup of fluorescent lights are the most popular because they only need to start once.
HID (High Current Discharge Bulb)
HID bulbs need to wait for the balance between the wall temperature and air pressure to start, and the lamp can achieve maximum luminous efficacy after startup.
The warm-up time for HID bulbs is approximately 15 minutes and the restart time is 1-2 minutes. HPS starts faster but changes with regulators and power supplies. Instant start HPS and metal halide bulbs are also very good.
LPS (Low Pressure Sodium Lamp)
The start-up time of these bulbs is similar to that of HID bulbs, and low-voltage bulbs can be restarted immediately after power-on.
The relatively novel lighting system of the light pipe system consists of a light source and a reflector, and light enters the lamp through one end of the pipe. The serrated prisms reflect light in the longitudinal direction of the pipe, and the mirror at the end reflects the light back again. The system includes a prism film and light emitting technology. This ideal lighting system transmits light along the pipeline with little absorption. Its reflectance is about 99%. It is thus possible to reach an unprecedented 20 meters long pipe length or even longer. Its advantages include: easy maintenance and low cost of use. Idealized applications require the separation of light and light sources—high reflectance—to control the angle to make light uniform—to minimize the number of bulbs used—to increase performance—to reduce installation and replacement costs—to maximize lamp life.
Applications include:
Clean Rooms Mass Production Area Warehouse/Workshop Large Area Workplaces & Shops Hazardous Locations Lighting Center Area Architectural Highlights
The technical term for this lighting system is: Safety Lighting/Full Spectrum Electrodeless Sulfuration Lamps. The bulb converts 1425 watts of input power to 135,000 lumens of full-spectrum daylight. The light produced by the bulb is flicker-free, and there is almost no infrared and ultraviolet radiation. With no filaments and electrodes, the lamp's design life reaches 60,000 hours. Only a small magnet tube needs to be replaced after 20,000 hours.
One of the advantages of incandescent incandescent lamps is the color of incandescent light sources. It can handle lighting in key areas. Most people think that incandescent lamps are the most common lighting method. In fact, incandescent lamps are no longer used in ordinary office buildings and factories.
Incandescent lamps are relatively short-lived (750 hours to 2000 hours), and the higher the wattage, the lower the performance.
The operation points are opened, the warm-up time, and the restart are the three main points of selecting the lamps. In general, incandescent lamps can be switched on and off, but fluorescent lamps take a few seconds to reach the brightest. Even some activated fluorescent lamps require a few minutes of warm-up time. HID or HID light sources also require a few minutes of warm-up time. Most HID and LPS (low-pressure sodium lamps) require a few minutes of cooling time to restart after they are turned off, so it is best to use specially designed or added auxiliary equipment bulbs for quick start-up. An auxiliary light bulb can also be used to provide illumination when the HID bulb cools. Incandescent or tungsten light can start instantly. It only takes one second to reach normal luminous efficacy, and the restart time is the same as the initial startup time.
Natural light (daylight lighting)
In order to save energy, the use of natural light has been reintroduced into lighting systems for offices and workshops. When designing a building, you should carefully analyze the orientation, position, orientation, and windows to make best use of daylighting. However, due to the window factor, the increase and decrease of heat should be considered in comparison with lighting. Because sunlight is not stable for providing light and heat, the use of windows is a significant part of the study of lighting heating and cooling. Also includes the design layout and proportions of interior doors and windows.
The window utilization team at the Florida Solar Energy Research Center studied the effects of windows on heat and lighting. They focus on the thermal effects of solar energy on the building, the energy consumption of heating and cooling systems, and the comfort of the human eye in the room, as well as the savings in lighting energy.
Lighting parameters to determine the lighting standard, need to do a special job. People always rely on professional agencies to make various guidelines: For example, the Lighting Engineering Association is one of the biggest sources of information. The guidelines they publish are based on the visual acuity, age, relevant data of job requirements, and different task lighting standards under different conditions:
The lighting guide is divided into 7 categories: A to C categories require specific lighting requirements at any time and place throughout the area.
The D to F categories require specific lighting requirements at certain locations throughout the area, while lighting in other areas remains at 20 FC lighting levels.
The G category is aimed at extremely demanding work tasks and therefore the lighting requirements are correspondingly higher. The lighting system that serves such work needs careful analysis and comprehensive consideration in order to perfect it.
Lighting Guide Category* Lighting Intensity Unit Lux (foot candle fc) Lighting Area
A 20-30-50**(2-3-5)** Public areas with dark backgrounds, such as parking lots, night lighting inside and outside buildings, etc.
B 50-75-100**(5-7.5-10)** Areas with simple directions such as lobby aisles, etc.
C 100-150-200** (10-15-20) ** Occasionally, there are areas where work is performed, such as over-counting, stacking, handling, packaging, and many other areas that need to be moved.
D 200-300-500+(20-30-50)+ Ordinary office lighting, contrasting large-size prints, prints, and other prints, although not requiring excessive consideration, but need to meet the lighting requirements of the entire area. Other lighting such as wax paper printing, packaging, processing and recycling.
E 500-750-1000+(50-75-100)+ Area that requires careful inspection and identification of the product. General lighting is also popular in office environments where it is necessary to read moderate contrasts and print quality is poor. Others such as post-processing, decoration and other follow-up processes.
F 1000-1500-2000+(100-150-200)+ Working object with low contrast. The fonts are small and difficult to read. Check and identify more difficult printed materials.
G 2000-3000-5000++(200-300-500)++ Application area with F. However, the personnel work longer hours, the tasks are even more arduous, or the assembly line is composed of many parts.
** Indoor and outdoor general lighting
+Working lighting
++ Global and partially combined work lighting
(Source: Lighting Engineering Association)
Lighting in special areas Lighting requirements vary from place to place, and special lighting is necessary. There are several areas in any factory that require special considerations for uniform, non-uniform, working or backlit lighting. Special tasks have minimum lighting standards. Standards can be achieved using ordinary lighting, or a combination of general and supplementary lighting. When using supplemental lighting, general lighting reaches at least 10% of the total lighting, or 20FC.
Open Office (Lighting) Design There are several ways to open office lighting. Usually, it depends on the number and height of the walls. Because they greatly affect the intensity and uniformity of desktop lighting. Pay special attention to closets and bookshelves, which cast a huge shadow on the tabletop.
There are three basic ways of lighting an open office: uniform, non-uniform, work/background. Uniform illumination refers to the main light provided by the main light source, which is particularly effective for tasks that require less illumination. Because increasing lighting intensity means increasing electricity bills. Non-uniform lighting is provided to those areas where lighting requirements vary. This method works particularly well when the location of the furniture is planned in advance. The illumination intensity of the circulation area can be relatively low, while the intensity of the work area is higher.
Work/background lighting means that the background light is low relative to the work area and can be used as a complement to the working light source. Non-uniform lighting and work/background lighting can reduce initial equipment costs and operating costs. This design method must take into account future changes in space. Lighting system design should take into account changes and should not cause visual obstacles.
Meeting room (lighting) design issues Meeting room lighting system requirements to adapt to various situations. Design at least two kinds of lighting: background lighting, provide general lighting for the conference. Supplemental lighting provides lighting for slides or other similar situations. The background lighting should provide diffuse reflection to avoid shadowing the face of participants in the meeting. Vertical wall lighting is also important and should take into account the location of wall components.
The control of the room should take into account changes in lighting system lighting. If you use downlights, you should carefully design their positions so that they do not shine on the normal light objects that are often used in meetings.
Studio (lighting) design issues Since the color display in the studio is very important, the lighting system needs good color rendering capabilities. The lighting in the studio should be non-uniform and provide diffuse reflection. The complementary work light source should be directional to provide shadows, and focused lighting of the 3D model. Since computers require design work in the studio, lighting should be able to adjust to changes in job requirements. Under different light conditions, the visual effects of the original, as well as the accurate expression of the color